After the initial impact occurs, the brain undergoes a delayed trauma – it swells – pushing itself against the skull and reducing the flow of oxygen-rich blood. At first the person may appear fine, but their condition can decline rapidly. Immediately after the accident the person may be confused, not remember what happened, have blurry vision and dizziness, or lose consciousness. During the impact of an accident, the brain crashes back and forth inside the skull causing bruising, bleeding, and tearing of nerve fibers (Fig. Sometimes the skull may be fractured, but not always. Primary injuries can involve a specific lobe of the brain or can involve the entire brain. The injury that occurs at the moment of impact is known as the primary injury. TBI is an injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head from blunt or penetrating trauma. Most people who suffer moderate to severe TBI will need rehabilitation to recover and relearn skills. Those who survive a brain injury can face lasting effects in their physical and mental abilities as well as emotions and personality. While treatment for mild TBI may include rest and medication, severe TBI may require intensive care and life-saving surgery. Injuries can range from mild concussions to severe permanent brain damage. Common causes include car or motorcycle crashes, falls, sports injuries, and assaults. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is sudden damage to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head.
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